ICD-10
The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a standardized system for classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). Originating in the 19th century with over 150 years of continuous development, ICD-10 came into effect on January 1, 1993, following adoption by the World Health Assembly in May 1990. ICD-10 provides a comprehensive hierarchical classification system with alphanumeric codes that allow systematic recording, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mortality and morbidity data collected across countries and time periods. The system is used globally for health recording and statistics, including cause of death certification, morbidity coding in primary through tertiary care, resource allocation, reimbursement systems, quality and safety assessment, and epidemiological research. ICD-10 serves as the foundation for diagnostic-related grouping (DRG), cancer registries, and clinical trials that require standardized disease classification. The classification has been translated into dozens of languages and adapted by many countries for national use, with variants like ICD-10-CM (Clinical Modification) used in the United States and ICD-10-CA used in Canada. While ICD-11 officially came into effect in January 2022, ICD-10 remains widely used during the transition period as countries implement the newer revision. ICD-10 continues to be maintained with periodic updates and serves as the basis for various mapping projects to other terminology systems including SNOMED CT, MedDRA, and LOINC.
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